Minimum number of languages that a developer should master?

A funny moment: recently I heard a senior computer scientist blast Java on very poor performance (server side Java performance is very good - the language has other problems in my opinion) while extolling the virtues of Common Lisp as, if I understood him correctly, the one true 'do everything' language. I enjoy Lisp (I wrote 2 Springer-Verlag Lisp books, many years ago), but it is a marginal language if you count developers, available frameworks, and relatively few large deployed systems (a few notable exceptions to this). Lisp is a language that I can recommend to some people as a second or third language, but I would have a difficult time recommending it as any developer's primary language for writing production code. Lisp is great for research.

In any case, whenever I hear someone blasting Java, I know that they likely don't have real experience developing large scale Java server side applications and don't understand the benefits of the server JVM and a huge collection of good tools and frameworks.

Whenever I hear someone knocking scripting languages like Ruby, Python, or Perl I always think that what a shame it is that they don't save themselves a lot of development time using an agile scripting language - when appropriate.

Then there are times when it is "just right" that development be slow and painful, and C++ is used for runtime speed and memory efficiency :-)

Also if you need a carpenter to do some maintenance on your home: don't hire a carpenter who only uses a saw.